Seurat was a "pointillist." Instead of mixing his colors on a palette, he mixed them on the retinae of the viewer.
If you've ever used a magnifying lens to look closely at an ordinary offset lithographic reproduction of any color image (a photo of a person or a painting, for example) you may have noticed a very uniform series of colored dot patterns. In much the same way, Seurat would paint "points" of color to create other more complex colors.
There really are only three primary colors: red, yellow, and blue. Seurat might position a certain number of yellow dots interspersed with a certain number of blue dots to produce a green color.
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